Publication and Research Ethics

* Al-Biruni Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publishing ethics and takes all possible measures against any publishing malpractice.
* The Editorial Board is responsible, among other things, for preventing publishing malpractice.
* Unethical behavior is unacceptable, and Al-Biruni Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences does not tolerate any form of plagiarism.
* Authors submitting articles confirm that the contents of the manuscripts are original. Furthermore, the authors' letter also indicates that the manuscript has not been previously published in any language, either in whole or in part, and is not currently being submitted for publication elsewhere. Editors, authors, and reviewers of Al-Biruni Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences must fully adhere to good publishing practice and accept responsibility for fulfilling the following duties and responsibilities as set forth in the Code of Conduct for Journal Editors.
* All submitted manuscripts undergo a rigorous peer review process by experts in the field of the particular manuscript.
* The review process is double-blind peer review.
*Factors considered in the review are scientific significance, linguistic and grammatical soundness, thoroughness of investigation, and scientific originality.
*Possible decisions include: 1. Accept, 2. Accept with revisions, or 3. Reject.
*If authors are encouraged to revise and resubmit their submission, there is no guarantee that the revised submission will be accepted.
*Rejected manuscripts will not be re-reviewed.

Publication Ethics
* All published articles must comply with accepted standards of research and publication ethics.
* Corrections, retractions, or expressions of concern will be issued as necessary to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.
* The journal adheres to international guidelines such as those provided by COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics), ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors), and WAME (World Association of Medical Editors).

 Transparency and Accountability
The journal is committed to full transparency regarding its ethical policies. All authors and readers are encouraged to report any suspected ethical violations. The editorial board will take appropriate actions in line with international best practices.
 

*The permissible plagiarism rate is only 15%, and the use of artificial intelligence techniques is absolutely prohibited (0%)

Originality 
All submitted manuscripts must be original. Manuscripts which have already been published by another journal or are being considered for publication will not be accepted. By submitting a manuscript, the author(s) acknowledge that the paper in question is not under consideration by another journal, and will not be submitted to such a journal until and unless a final written rejection decision from Al-Biruni Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences.

Authorship
The authorship listing should include the ‘lead’ author as well as all individuals who have contributed directly to the production of the work at intellectual and conceptual levels. Other individuals who have made additional contributions to the paper can be listed in the Acknowledgment section. Acknowledgment of funding sources and possible conflict of interest must also be made explicit.

Conflict of interest
Any potential or real conflict of interest must be declared to the editors. Papers received by editors of the journal or Board Members will be handled transparently and in the most appropriate way to avoid any possible bias in the review process. Editors will avoid making decisions on manuscripts that conflict with their own interest, or those addressing an issue in which they stand to gain financially. If they may have a perceived or possible conflict of interest, they should delegate handling of any decision to other editors.

Policy on Human and Animal Rights 
The journal requires that all research involving human participants complies with the Declaration of Helsinki Helsinki and relevant national or institutional ethical guidelines. Authors must provide evidence of ethical approval from an appropriate review board and obtain informed consent from participants.
For research involving animals, the journal mandates adherence to recognized standards for animal care and use, including minimizing pain and suffering, and obtaining approval from relevant institutional animal care committees.
Manuscripts that do not comply with these ethical standards will not be considered for publication. Authors are also expected to declare any potential conflicts of interest related to ethical issues.

Peer review process
Manuscripts are first reviewed by the editorial office to check if they are in line with the scope of the journal and if they meet all its specific requirements. Once a manuscript successfully completes the editorial office review process it is sent for blind peer reviewing to two anonymous reviewers who have expertise and special knowledge of the subject area of the manuscript. The peer review system is double-blind so that both authors’ and reviewers’ identities are concealed. editors will approach peer reviewers “who have not previously co-published extensively with the author(s), who are for this and other reasons free of known bias in relation to the subject matter, the author(s) and/or their institutions, and who can cover, from a position of authority and peer expertise, the topic(s) dealt with in the paper concerned.” Reviewers are invited to review the manuscript by sending them the abstract of the manuscript. Upon acceptance to review the manuscript, the full text of the manuscript is sent to the reviewers after the author(s) have been concealed. Reviewers are required to provide a report in writing with clear recommendations for acceptance of the paper, with or without any revision, or rejection. If the two reports differ widely, the editor may invite a third reviewer. The reviewing process relies on the availability of qualified and expert reviewers and it may take up to 2 to 8 weeks to complete.

The stated review times are approximate and may vary depending on reviewer availability, manuscript complexity, and editorial workload.

The Al-Biruni Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences endeavors to have papers reviewed within a one to four week period where possible. The review process may, however, take longer than this. Al-Biruni Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences editors mediates the blind reviews with authors. All reviewers’ comments are sent to the author(s) who are requested to make the necessary adjustments and resubmit their manuscripts to the editors. The journal’s editors will check that all recommended changes have been substantively attended to. Authors are required to submit a report to the editors, documenting how they have responded to reviewers’ suggestions and recommendations, using the online submission.

Accessibility
Al-Biruni Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences  is an open access journal, available at no charge and the PDF versions of all papers are available on the journal’s website https://al-biruni-journal.jo  This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.  All articles in this journal are published under a CC BY-NC-SA license. Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) License



Author Responsibilities

• Authors must certify that their manuscript is their original work.
• Authors must certify that the manuscript has not been previously published elsewhere.
• Authors must certify that the manuscript is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
• Authors are obligated to provide error corrections and make any requested amendments.
• All authors named in the manuscript must have made a significant contribution to the research.
• Authors must state that all data in the manuscript are factual.
• Authors must notify the editors of any conflicts of interest.
• Authors must identify all sources used in creating their manuscript.
• Authors must report any errors they discover in their published manuscript to the editors.

Reviewer Responsibilities:

• Reviewers should maintain the confidentiality of all information related to the papers and treat them as privileged information.
• Reviews should be conducted objectively without directing any personal criticism at the author.
• Reviewers should clearly express their opinions with supporting arguments.
• Reviewers should identify relevant published works not cited by the authors.
• Reviewers should also bring to the attention of the editor-in-chief any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.
• Reviewers should not review manuscripts in which they have a conflict of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or ties with any of the authors, companies, or institutions associated with the papers.

Editor Responsibilities:

• Editors have full responsibility and authority to reject/accept an article.
• Editors are responsible for the overall content and quality of a publication.
• Editors must always consider the needs of authors and readers when attempting to improve a publication.
• Editors must ensure the quality of papers and the integrity of the academic record.
• Editors must publish errata pages or make corrections when necessary.
• Editors must have a clear picture of the sources of research funding.
• Editors must base their decisions solely on the importance, originality, clarity, and relevance of the paper to the scope of the publication.
• Editors must not reverse their own decisions or overrule those of previous editors without serious reason.
• Editors must maintain the anonymity of reviewers.
• Editors must ensure that all published research material complies with internationally accepted ethical guidelines.
• Editors must accept a paper only when they are reasonably certain.
• Editors should not allow any conflict of interest between staff, authors, reviewers, and board members.
• Editors must act when they identify credible concerns regarding possible research or publication misconduct, whether the manuscript is under consideration or has already been published. However, allegations or suspicions alone do not establish misconduct. Editors should assess such concerns fairly and objectively and should seek appropriate evidence and clarification before taking substantive editorial action

Compliance with ICMJE Recommendations

• This journal follows the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals, as outlined at ICMJE .
• Authors are required to prepare their manuscripts in accordance with the ICMJE Recommendations and to complete the ICMJE Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form, which can be downloaded from:Disclosure of Interest  .
• The journal also adheres to the ICMJE guidelines on authorship criteria, ethical considerations in the conduct and reporting of research, clinical trial registration, and data sharing statements for clinical trials.
• All submissions are expected to comply with the highest standards of integrity and transparency as promoted by the ICMJE.

Advertising Policy
The journal accepts advertising that is relevant to its readers and consistent with its mission to advance scientific knowledge. All advertisements are subject to editorial approval, and acceptance of advertising does not imply endorsement by the journal or its editorial board.

* Independence: Advertising content is clearly distinguished from editorial content and has no influence on editorial decisions.

* Ethical Standards: Advertisements must comply with applicable laws, regulations, and ethical standards, particularly in relation to medical and healthcare products.

* Rejection Rights: The journal reserves the right to decline or remove any advertisement that is misleading, inappropriate, or conflicts with the journal’s values.

* Transparency: Sponsorships and commercial support are disclosed to maintain transparency and reader trust.


Handling Corrections, Retractions, and Expressions of Concern
The journal maintains strict procedures to uphold the accuracy and integrity of the scientific record.
Handling Corrections, Retractions, and Expressions of Concern
The journal maintains strict procedures to uphold the accuracy and integrity of the scientific record.
Noor Al Ilm for Publishing and Distribution is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record. When an error, omission, or concern affecting a published article is identified, the journal will assess the matter and take appropriate action in accordance with the nature and seriousness of the issue.
Corrections
Corrections may be issued when an error in a published article affects the accuracy, clarity, completeness, or interpretation of the scholarly record but does not invalidate the principal findings or conclusions of the work.
Corrections may include, where appropriate:

• Factual or typographical errors.
• Errors in author names, affiliations, or other bibliographic information.
• Errors in tables, figures, references, or supplementary information.
• Other substantive errors that can be corrected without invalidating the main findings of the article.
• A published correction will clearly identify the original article and describe the correction made. The original article will remain part of the scholarly record, with the correction appropriately linked to it.

Retractions
An article may be considered for retraction when there is reliable evidence that its findings or conclusions are substantially unreliable or when serious research or publication misconduct has been established.
Grounds for retraction may include, but are not limited to:

• Fabrication or falsification of data.
• Serious plagiarism or substantial unattributed use of another person's work.
• Major errors that invalidate the principal findings or conclusions.
• Duplicate or redundant publication.
• Serious ethical violations in the conduct or reporting of research.
• Significant manipulation of the publication or peer-review process.
• Other circumstances that seriously compromise the integrity or reliability of the published work.

Retraction decisions will be based on the available evidence and appropriate assessment or investigation. An allegation or suspicion alone will not automatically result in retraction.

Expression of Concern
Where a serious concern regarding a published article has been raised but the available information is insufficient to reach a final conclusion, the journal may publish an Expression of Concern while the matter is being assessed or investigated.
An Expression of Concern does not itself establish that misconduct has occurred. It serves to alert readers that the reliability or integrity of the article is under review.
Amendments to the Scholarly Record
The journal may make appropriate amendments to the published record when necessary to maintain accurate and reliable bibliographic and scholarly information.
Such amendments may include corrections to author information, affiliations, article metadata, references, figures, tables, supplementary materials, or other published information.
Changes will be documented transparently, and where appropriate, the amended record will be linked to the original publication.
Retraction Notices
When an article is retracted, the journal will publish a clear retraction notice identifying the article and explaining, where appropriate, the reason for the retraction.
The retraction will be linked to the original article, and the original publication will remain accessible as part of the scholarly record where technically and ethically appropriate, with a clear indication that the article has been retracted.
Responsibility and Review
Requests for corrections, retractions, or other amendments may be raised by authors, editors, reviewers, readers, institutions, or other relevant parties.
All requests will be assessed by the editorial team based on the available evidence. Where necessary, the journal may seek information from authors, reviewers, institutions, research-ethics bodies, or other appropriate parties.
Any individual involved in assessing a correction, retraction, or amendment who has an actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest will not participate in the relevant decision where practicable.
Noor Al Ilm for Publishing and Distribution is committed to ensuring that corrections, retractions, and other amendments are handled objectively, transparently, consistently, and in a manner that protects the integrity of the scholarly record. All actions are guided by international standards (e.g., COPE guidelines) COPE and are clearly communicated to authors, readers, and indexing services to preserve trust in the journal.
The journal fully adheres to the COPE guidelines on ethics and scientific integrity, and authors are required to adhere to sound research practices, including avoiding plagiarism and duplicate publication, disclosing any conflicts of interest, and obtaining necessary ethical approvals when required.




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